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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are prescribed medication for the condition. It can ease symptoms, but it can also cause negative side effects. If you experience any side effects, talk to your GP about them. Stimulants are the most common type of prescription medication healthcare providers prescribe for ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals known as neurotransmitters that regulate the behavior and attention. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice used to treat ADHD in both adults and children. It increases activity in parts of the brain that help to regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate may also be used to treat other ailments like the disorder known as narcolepsy. It can aid people suffering from the condition to stay alert and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has an extremely high risk of abuse and is considered a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Following the exact dosage recommended can decrease the chance for abuse as well as other adverse effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms for certain people. It can also worsen behavior and tics in some people with Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before starting this medication, those suffering from these conditions must tell their doctor. It is essential to inform your doctor if there are any other health issues or are sensitive to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow dye found in some processed foods and some medications; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate may interact with certain drugs, such as opioids, antidepressants and monoamine oxide inhibitors. This includes isocarboxazid linezolid, methylene blue, rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or the tranylcypromine. It's also important to avoid alcohol and other stimulant drugs while taking methylphenidate. These drugs may have a negative impact on your heart rate and blood pressure. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin), the oral disintegrating capsule that acts long-term and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) and the chewable tablets that have a long-acting action (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine. This can be dangerous if a genetic condition known as phenylketonuria is present. Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug is a brain stimulant and improves mood. It also eases the symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which is a condition that occurs during the winter and fall seasons. It can also help smokers quit by decreasing nicotine cravings and withdrawal effects. Bupropion has been found to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in numerous studies. The pooled fixed-effect RR for improvement over the course of a week (using a clinically significant change of 30 percent or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95 percent of the interval 0.95 to 1.37) and for the overall response, the proportion of better subjects was 52% in the bupropion group, compared with 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion may have serious and even life-threatening interactions when used in conjunction with other medications. These include sedatives and antidepressants along with blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of seizure for those with a history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is contraindicated in certain medical conditions and women who are pregnant or nursing should not take it. Bupropion is available as the brand-name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available as generic drug. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants (or TCAs, are a class of medications that work by affecting brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. While they aren't used as a first line treatment for depression anymore, they may still be effective for some people. They work by inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine serotonin, and noradrenaline, thereby increasing their levels in neurons. They are also useful in reducing the symptoms of other conditions, including enuresis and pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia and the phantom leg syndrome. TCAs can be effective in treating ADHD symptoms, whether they are prescribed alone or combined with stimulants. They can reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms and reduce depression, anxiety, and impulsivity. They can also aid in managing tics. These are uncontrollable repetitive actions or sounds like blinking or clearing the throat. TCAs can trigger side effects, such as dry mouth, sedation and constipation, and can increase the risk of heart issues. These drugs may interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics and should be avoided by pregnant women. These medications can also cause teratogenic effects on animals, and they may cross the placenta. If you have any concerns consult your physician because there are newer antidepressants that have a lower adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin Reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of drugs that hinder serotonin reuptake in neurons and help increase the amount of serotonin available to signal. They also reduce anxiety and decrease impulsive behavior. They are commonly used to treat adhd as they can help some people with their symptoms and work well when used in conjunction with other medications. Examples of SSRIs are paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a low clearance from the body, but they are extensively metabolized the liver through CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in varying blood concentrations. They are also prescribed to treat various conditions, such as major depression disorder, bulimia-nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine and escitalopram and sertraline are able to reduce PTSD primary symptoms. However, they don't appear to be effective for other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can cause an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. It is essential to discuss this with your doctor if are considering taking one of these medicines. It is typical for people to to try several different types of ADHD medications before they discover the one that works best for them. Research and development of new medications is ongoing. It is important to tell your healthcare provider about all medications you take. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). When stimulant drugs do not work for adults suffering from ADHD doctors prescribe a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibit (SNRI). These drugs increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, two brain chemicals. They also improve mood, reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs have similar negative effects to TCAs but are safer. They are used for many ailments, including anxiety disorders, chronic pain like fibromyalgia, and nerve pain. They can also be utilized as an additional treatment for depression. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications inhibit the reabsorption of norepinephrine into the brain which is a normal procedure following neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The increase in norepinephrine levels helps improve mood and attention. Although SNRIs aren't endorsed by the FDA to treat ADHD, some doctors use them as an alternative to stimulants. They are typically taken orally as pills however, they can also be taken as patches or liquids. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in kids and adolescents. It doesn't have the potential for abuse, so it is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are used for anxiety and depression, but can also help control ADHD symptoms. A number of studies have proven that SNRI medications, such as venlafaxine and duloxetine, can significantly lower the scores of various ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs may increase blood pressure or interact with other medications. It is crucial to consult with a physician prior taking these medications. Additionally, improperly disposed medication can harm both people and animals. It is therefore important to follow the correct disposal instructions. SSRIs or SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD however, doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are safe, effective and have less side effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor and discuss the symptoms of your child. SNRIs may increase the body's level of serotonin as well as norepinephrine but are not suitable for everyone. Women who are nursing or pregnant should stay clear of taking SNRIs as they may pass through breast milk. Also, they should not be used by those with high blood pressure, liver issues or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help them increase their concentration and focus. They may also experience less behavior that is impulsive. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and training to help people understand how to control their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each patient takes time. In this period doctors will be monitoring the physical reactions of patients to find the right balance between the effects of side effects and the benefits. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, increase the activity of specific brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. While they are generally effective and safe for most people, they can cause serious side effects such as decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. adult adhd treatments disappear within a few weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Adults and children can also take non-stimulant medicines. They can take longer to take effect, but they can improve concentration and impulse control. They can include alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and Guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants are also able to help treat ADHD. They can boost the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain and help with the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion, an antidepressant has been prescribed to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” however, drug companies developed extended-release versions, and the FDA approved its use as treatment.